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tropical cyclone naming
Tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones are named by various warning centers to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. Since the systems can last a week or longer and more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time, the names are thought to reduce the confusion about which storm is being described. The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back many years, with systems named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes and naming lists have subsequently been introduced and developed for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean. Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists with one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than depending on which basin it originates. However, standards vary from basin to basin with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere.
==History==
The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back many years, with systems named after places or things they hit before the formal start of naming. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907.〔 This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific.〔 Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.〔
At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. Since the systems can last a week or longer and more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time, the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described.〔 Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists with one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than depending on which basin it originates.〔〔〔 However, standards vary from basin to basin with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific, while tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere.〔〔〔
Any member of the World Meteorological Organisation's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees, can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists.〔〔〔 A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the tropical cyclone has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large amount of deaths, damages, impacts or for other special reasons.〔 Any tropical cyclone names assigned by the Papua New Guinea National weather Service are automatically retired regardless of any damage caused.〔 A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons.〔〔 These reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media.〔 PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones, when they have caused at least in damage and/or have caused at least 300 deaths. There are no names retired within the South-West Indian Ocean, as names are generally not used more than once and fresh naming lists are developed each year.〔 Tropical cyclone formation is rare within the Mediterranean Sea and to the east of 120W in the Southern Pacific, as a result there are no naming lists for these areas.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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